Ciara Murphy

Ciara Murphy is Environmental Policy Advocate at the Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice. She works on influencing policy change at a national level as well as focusing on community-based local initiatives. She holds a PhD in Environmental Microbiology from UCD.

INTRODUCTION: THE POLITICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONTEXT

The green wave – the global swell of positive public sentiment towards ecological action – has broken. This wave, encouraged by the publication of Laudato Si’ over 10 years ago, peaked several years later with massive global climate demonstrations and Green New Deal policies developed in the EU and globally. In Ireland, it manifested as a government coalition formed in 2020 which gave an influential place to the Green Party. This government brought forward a raft of environmentally friendly legislation and policy changes to help turn the tide of ecological destruction in Ireland. The pinnacle of this work was the publication of the Climate Action and Low Carbon Development Act in 2021.

The wave triggered a step change within the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and specifically within the Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice (JCFJ). After the publication of Laudato Si’ in 2015, there was a decision to develop a specific focus on ecology within the Jesuits. The position of Environmental Policy Advocate was established at JCFJ to embed within the Irish Jesuit province the environmental values and work long pursued by individual Jesuits. Over the following years, work within the Centre and within the wider Irish Jesuit Province intensified, including increased collaboration with other environmental groups and faith-based organisations who advocate for environmental protection.

The general election in 2024 effectively signalled the dissipation of the Irish green wave. When the Green Party lost the majority of its seats, the other parties of the coalition were free to partner with less eco-conscious partners. There was an effective swap of the Green Party with a group of Independents. As the waters recede, we are unfortunately witnessing a sharp turnaround in climate policies globally, and Ireland is no exception.

We may gasp at the harshness with which Trump has slashed environmental and public health regulations,¹ and we may despair at the narrow right-wing politics gaining traction by trampling on environmental protection. But we need to view the decisions of our own government with clear eyes and admit that a dangerous gap is emerging between its eco-friendly rhetoric and ecocidal actions. At COP30, the UN Climate Change Conference in Brazil, Taoiseach Martin extoled Ireland’s climate action while lamenting the failure of other countries to do the same.² At the same time several pieces of legislation were being developed which aimed to essentially kill the Climate Act³ (the same Act which many members of this government were responsible for voting through in 2021⁴) and fast-track massive fossil fuel infrastructure which would lock us into carbon dependency for decades. Not being satisfied with undermining climate friendly legislation, the Government are also ushering the Arbitration Amendment Bill through the legislative process which could open Ireland up to disputes in investor-State courts, effectively allowing us to be sued for policies, such as environmental or health protection policies, which interfere with the profit-making abilities of companies.⁵
This court system has been known to chill environmental protection policies for fear of litigation.⁶

While the political reality and attitude towards sustainability has changed, the climate and biodiversity reality has deteriorated. We experience prolonged periods of rain, flooding⁷ and violent storms at home while other countries across the globe are preparing for wildfires,⁸ continued drought⁹ and living with devastating desertification.¹⁰ Biodiversity and ecosystem collapse, which often goes under the radar, is a significant threat to global security and economic prosperity.¹¹ When soils are so degraded they can no longer produce food, or when fish stocks collapse and food production is no longer guaranteed, tensions frequently spill into conflict and the displacement and destruction which come with that.

We are discovering that environmental justice issues literally intersect with every aspect of our lives: the air we breathe, the water we drink, where we live, how we get around, and the peace that exists between peoples. Pope Francis articulated this clearly in Laudato Si’: “the human environment and the natural environment deteriorate together; we cannot adequately combat environmental degradation unless we attend to causes related to human and social degradation.”¹² In summation, he wrote, “It cannot be emphasized enough how everything is interconnected” (LS138).

THE FUEL PROTESTS: A MIRROR FOR OUR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

The political reality of 2026 would not be complete without examining the fuel protests, and the societal, political and environmental weaknesses they reveal, which were sparked by a spike in fuel prices in the wake of the US and Israel’s war on Iran and Lebanon. For businesses which are heavily reliant on fuel for their operations – agricultural contractors and hauliers in particular – the fuel increase was enough to put them out of business. The non-violent, but contentious, demonstrations blocked motorways, essential fuel infrastructure and city centres. The voices coming from these protests were a mix of sincere people with their backs up to the wall and Far-Right agitators and sympathisers.¹³ The dominant call was to axe the carbon tax¹⁴ and the demand for its removal was itself revealing. In a fuel crisis it is very understandable to want to lower costs by whatever means possible, but targeting the carbon tax, a significant lever we have to try and curb fuel demand and fund carbon-saving actions, indicates an aversion to climate action. We value the price of fuel and the perceived freedom which goes with it over ecology.

The fuel price protests exposed many weaknesses in the Irish economy and society. They highlighted what we value, and conversely under-value, as a society. In this manifesto I will highlight two areas of systemic dysfunction that the protests revealed, and which are research and advocacy priorities for JCFJ.

First, the protests showed how reliant we are on private cars and road transport. Empty fuel stations and long lines of cars waiting to refill became a common occurrence around the country, threatening the functioning of emergency services who were at risk of not being able to get where they needed to go. Those who were lucky enough to be able to take the train were largely unaffected. However, the sparse rail network in Ireland meant that switching to trains was not an option for everyone. Active transport and bicycles in particular came into their own in Dublin city. Ironically the city scape was made relatively safe to cycle by the lack of moving vehicles.

Secondly, weaknesses in our agricultural system were also exposed. Farming contractors were significantly represented in the protest. Massive machines which are used to cut silage and plough for and harvest crops – mainly grain for cattle feed — burn through huge amounts of green diesel. The increased cost threatens the viability of many businesses. Blockages of the ports for just a few short days resulted in fears that feed for chickens and pigs could run short. Statements of ‘No Farms, No Food’ were undermined by the knowledge that we already import 90% of our food and export the vast majority of meat and dairy, which we specialise in. The lack of diversity in the industry means that many farmers are totally reliant on this specific model of fossil fuel intensive agriculture.

Food and transport are thorny issues which require not just action at government level, including infrastructural, policy and enforcement action, but also behavioural change from the public. We cannot technologically innovate ourselves out of these ecologically problematic areas. While we wholehearted support technology which can help us move away from fossil fuel dependence and towards sustainability, without a change of mindset these problems will not be solved. Consider the Electric Vehicle or EV. This amazing technology has the ability to substantially reduce our transport related emissions. However, the space an electric car occupies will still cause congestion and a body being struck by an electric powered vehicle is no more intact than one struck by a fossil fuel powered one.¹⁵ Personal and collective ecological conversion is also required, we need to “look for solutions not only in technology but in a change of humanity; otherwise we would be dealing merely with symptoms.”¹⁶ Churches are communities that make moral demands of their members. So, as a church organisation, we are comfortable advocating for issues that require both systemic and personal lifestyle changes and advocate for “the urgent need for us to move forward in a bold cultural revolution.”¹⁷ Food and transport are two such issues.

Regarding transport, focusing on child￾safety, rather than speed, dramatically changes how we design and use our transport system. Within the agri-food system, farming not only for food production but for the stewardship of the land and the welfare of communities results in a model which is more holistic and socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable. Failure to address these issues will lock us into a deepening downward spiral of multifaceted malfunction. On the other hand, addressing them offers a real opportunity, not just to steer us away from tragedy but to create the conditions where communities can thrive.

TRANSPORT: WALKING AND WHEELING TOWARDS THE COMMON GOOD

Transport is an area which is so omnipresent in people’s lives that we can lose sight of its significance. How we get around dictates much of our lives: where we live, how much time we get to spend with family and friends, our physical well-being, and our independence. The transport system and our resulting travel patterns dictate much of this.

Ireland’s patterns of development have resulted in sprawl. Houses in urban centres are increasingly unaffordable, low-density housing has pushed people further away in search of value, culminating in commuters facing hours of travel to get to work, to shops or to recreation. The transport network, being dominated by roads for private cars, means that those travel hours are mostly spent behind the wheel. This driver is at the mercy of the system. A collision could mean long, unplanned hours in the car. Time with kids, hobbies, volunteer work, and exercise are all sacrificed to a system which prioritises cars above all else. Devastatingly, these collisions also mean someone is not going to get home, or be left with debilitating injuries. Road deaths and serious injuries in Ireland are moving in the wrong direction¹⁸ resulting in more and more families and communities left bereft as a direct result of the system and infrastructure we have built.

In urban areas this system results in streets which are clogged with cars, making outdoor time for children unsafe, unhealthy and therefore, increasingly, unlikely. This lack of independence of movement is mirrored in the rural context. One-off houses on any type of road can nearly be considered an island from which young people cannot escape. When bigger cars speed down small and “quiet” roads, spaces which used to be open to walking and cycling are now danger areas which lock kids inside the boundary of their home.

This is a system which does not work, even before we consider the massive climate and environmental toll our transport system
takes. In Ireland, transport represents the second highest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.¹⁹ It is also proving to be one of the most difficult to reduce, as our overreliance on fossil fuel-powered private transport continues.²⁰ The cars, trucks, and other fossil fuel-powered vehicles also spew toxic pollution into the air, filling our streets and lungs with a chemical cocktail which impacts our breathing and cardiovascular system.²¹

Biodiversity is also severely impacted by our dependence on cars. The extensive road infrastructure displaces biodiversity and natural ecosystems wherever they exist. Cars physically kill a large proportion of our fauna — the visible remains are found on our windscreens and on the side of the road. The road network also disrupts the movement of animals and fragments ecosystems, resulting in more fragile and vulnerable communities. In a literal sense, when we take land to build roads, we take away any other potential function it has, making our environment that little bit poorer.²²

Improving this situation will require a combination of changing infrastructure²³ and regulations, alongside a radical change in our relationship with cars. Focusing on the safety of children, the hidden victims of our transport system, is the obvious place to start. Every child injured or killed on the road (or in a car park²⁴) is a tragedy. The primary method used today to reduce these figures is avoidance. Don’t let your child cycle or walk by themselves. The other method is to pile responsibility onto their young shoulders and that of their carer. Keep a firm hand. Teach them to look left and right when crossing the road. Wait for the green man. None of these are foolproof when drivers are speeding, breaking red lights,²⁵ or not leaving enough room for inevitable wobbles.

Developing genuine safe routes to school – for every school in the country – would be the first step in creating a transport system that is safe and accessible for children. Removing cars, slowing them down, completely separating children as they walk and cycle from moving cars, and ensuring safe crossing spaces where necessary, are all on the menu of actions to take. This would look different in urban and rural areas. In urban centres where space is at a premium this will mean removing the majority of cars and giving space for walking and cycling. Removing cars also gives the space to create interesting and biodiverse green spaces in otherwise barren areas.²⁶To make this a reality alternative forms of transport, including critically important rail, light rail, and bus corridors need to be developed to give people an alternative to move from one space to another.

The beauty of creating safe routes to school is that anyone using those streets can use that infrastructure. A footpath just as easily hosts the feet of commuters as of students.

Planning for and designing urban spaces with children’s independence and welfare in mind creates a city that works for everyone. Quieter, safer roads not only allow young people to get where they need to on their own steam but also results in better air quality, less noise pollution,²⁷ less congestion, more space to recreate in, and cheaper urban housing when car parking spaces don’t need to be factored into the price. Ensuring safe spaces for kids also transforms carers lives as well. Independent children give back a huge amount of time to their parents who don’t have to taxi them every day.

Sustainable transport will look a little different in rural areas. Students tend to travel further to get to their place of education so safe footpaths or even cycle lanes that extend 3km out from urban centres would allow more students to walk and cycle. Access to a school bus for every child that wants it is essential but one of the main issues in rural areas is speed (and the increasingly large size of vehicles). We have an incredibly dense network of small rural roads which could create a web of active transport infrastructure. The speed of cars prevents this becoming a reality. Enforcing safe speeds on rural roads and creating a culture where road space is shared is the only way to allow children to be safe and independent.

This is not fantasy — these are serious policy proposals which could lead towards this future. We only need to take a look at our fellow European countries to see that child friendly cities are not only possible but are already being created.²⁸ Closer to home, pilots and small-scale projects give a taste of what could be. Scoil Iognáid SJ, in Galway city was the first school street developed in Ireland.²⁹ Before the action to remove cars was taken, the situation for students was dangerous and chaotic, air pollution was an issue and residents on the street complained about not being able to enjoy their homes. Creating a safe space for the students allowed for more relaxed school start and end times. Spontaneous games of football on the street began when students arrived early; residents decorated their homes to engage the students as they passed. Air quality improved and the reliance on cars to get to school reduced significantly. There is much work being done by community groups, transport coalitions and academics to translate small scale projects like this into the default experience for students in Ireland.

Sustainable agri-food systems

We know that the agricultural system we have does not work for our farmers,³⁰biodiversity, climate, or food security. Irish agriculture is dangerously skewed towards beef and dairy production. Horticulture has become an increasingly precarious venture with prices of Irish-grown vegetables and grain essentially losing value over the years.³¹ The increasingly intensive fashion in which we produce our food leaves little room for biodiversity. Nearly 70% of our land is used for agriculture – meaning the sector is the nation’s largest single contributor to climate change, producing well over 35% of the State’s greenhouse gases. Heavy stocking rates and fertilizer use pollutes and degrades water bodies and soil, creating conditions which reduces the resilience of the system. We end up in a situation where on the surface there is an appearance of vitality, of growth. This illusion is maintained by a cocktail of chemicals and constant disturbance which eeks out the residual goodness in the land. This system is entirely time-bound and at risk of collapse. When the life in the soil is so depleted that all that remains is dust, it will be unable to support healthy plant growth. All this, so that fewer and fewer farmers can earn a living from the land?

We need an alternative which can bring us out of this zero-sum system and into a diversified and sustainable pattern. Sustainable agri-food systems, such as agroecology, offer an alternative vision. Agroecology is considered as a science, a practice, and a social movement.³² It encompasses the whole food system from the soil to the working conditions and welfare of the farming community as well as the access to, and diet of, the end consumers of the food.³³ It is a model which encourages working with nature, rather than against it, and which recognises that the only way to ensure continued food production is by protecting and restoring the health and complexity of the systems in which they grow. By feeding the soil on which we depend it can continue to feed us.

Short food chains are essential to this model, along with increased direct connectivity between farmers and end consumers. This includes directly selling at market days and through community supported agriculture where customers become members of the farm and pay in annual or monthly instalments for their food. The relationship which can form between grower and consumer through these forms of sales would be impossible in supermarkets, which are structured to undervalue the time, effort, and resources it takes to grow and produce food in Ireland.

To transform any system, advocates and champions are needed. At JCFJ we greatly admire the work of Talamh Beo, a member-led organisation of farmers and citizens who advocate for agroecology and food sovereignty. They stand for a system “which puts the power back into the hands of farmers, communities and citizens instead of corporate interests and industrial agriculture and food production.”³⁴ In a country which prides itself on being “green” and has a long history with food production we have become dangerously disassociated from where our food comes from. Trying your hand at growing food, joining a community garden, searching for your nearest community supported agriculture project or even supporting advocacy work can all help mend the rift which has developed.

“The best time to plant a tree was 20 years ago. The second-best time is now.”

In Ireland we have waited so long to make serious strides towards ecological and climate protection. The evidence is all around us that if we wait too long, our feet will get wet from the floods, the burden we have to carry will be too heavy, and the journey to sustainability will be so much further. Our failure to tackle the environmental and socially detrimental quagmires of our transport and agricultural systems is a failure to care for our common home and a failure to care for our neighbour.

Reorienting our values – to care for the vulnerable child and to care for the systems and people who literally sustain us with food – has to be the first step towards a safer and healthier world. The proposals outlined in this manifesto are not aspirational or fanciful. They are grounded in the knowledge that the alternative – our current way of living – cannot be sustained in the long run and draws on examples and projects already in existence. The increased road deaths, the headline generating congestion,³⁵ and our outsized contribution to the climate crisis all demand we change our path of travel. Focusing on the needs of the child cuts across the noise and concentrates on the existing solutions which can not only create environments in which they thrive but also ameliorates other social and environmental externalities which are intrinsic to our current transport system.

In a similar vein when we acknowledge that we rely utterly on the health of our soils and water, and the welfare of our farmers, for our food, the value we place on protecting these becomes tantamount to the current value we place on food production. If reorienting our values is the first step of the journey then taking serious and urgent action to care for and protect what we hold dear is the next. The best time to take action to care for our common home was decades ago but the next best time is definitely now.

Footnotes

1. Dharna Noor and Oliver Milman, “How Trump’s EPA Rollbacks Could Harm Our Air and Water – and Worsen Global Heating,” Environment, The Guardian, January 30, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/jan/30/trump-epa-rollbacks-air-water-climate ↩︎
2. “We Have to Go Further”, Taoiseach Tells COP30, News, November 6, 2025, https://www.rte.ie/news/environment/2025/1106/1542420-cop30-summit/. ↩︎
3. Ciara Murphy, “For the Greater Good,” Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice in Ireland, March 11, 2026, https://www.jcfj.ie/2026/03/11/for-the￾greater-good/; Pat Leahy, “New Critical Infrastructure Laws Will Block Climate-Based Legal Challenges,” The Irish Times, accessed April 9, 2026, https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2026/04/08/new-critical￾infrastructure-laws-will-block-climate-based-legal-challenges/. ↩︎
4. Marie O’Halloran, “Climate Action Bill Adopted in the Dáil by Majority of 129 Votes to 10,” The Irish Times, accessed April 9, 2026, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/climate-action-bill-adopted-in-the-dail-by-majority-of-129-votes-to-10-1.4595471 ↩︎
5. Oisin Suttle, “CETA and the Investment Court System Submission to the Joint Committee on European Union Affairs,” April 6, 2021; Pat Leahy, “Government Prepares to Ratify Canada Trade Deal before Summer,” The Irish Times, accessed May 7, 2026, https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2026/05/04/government-prepares-to-ratify-canada-trade-deal-before-summer/; “Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) Mechanisms and the Right to a Clean, Healthy, and Sustainable
   Environment | International Institute for Sustainable Development,” accessed May 7, 2026, https://www.iisd.org/publications/brief/iisd-ciel￾clientearth-isds-sustainable-enivronment-submission-2023. ↩︎
6. Arthur Neslen, “‘Litigation Terrorism’: The Obscure Tool That Corporations Are Using against Green Laws,” Environment, The Guardian, February 12, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/12/litigation-terrorism-how-corporations-are-winning-billions-from-governments. ↩︎
7. Ciara Murphy, “Working with Nature to Reduce Flooding,” Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice in Ireland, February 5, 2026, https://www.jcfj.ie/2026/02/05/flooding-in-ireland/. ↩︎
8. Sundi Rose Gift Article, “Georgia Is Expecting Spike in Wildfires in 2026. Here’s Why,” Columbus Ledger-Enquirer, April 14, 2026, https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/news/state/georgia/article315393945.html. ↩︎
9. India Today Science Desk, “China Faces Double Climate Threat of Floods and Droughts in 2026. Here’s Why,” India Today, April 5, 2026, https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/china-extreme-weather-2026-flooding-drought-forecast-china-floods-drought-2026-weather-forecast-climate-crisis-impact-2891972-2026-04-05 ↩︎
10. Kenya to Host Global Desertification and Drought Day 2026 – Kenya News Agency, April 10, 2026, https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/kenya-to-host-global-desertification-and-drought-day-2026/. ↩︎
11. George Monbiot, “The UK Government Didn’t Want You to See This Report on Ecosystem Collapse. I’m Not Surprised,” Opinion, The Guardian, January 27, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/jan/27/uk-government-report-ecosystem-collapse-foi-national-security. ↩︎
12. Pope Francis, “Laudato Si’” (Holy See 24 May 2015). §48 ↩︎
13. Caelainn Hogan, “On the Streets of Dublin I Met Fuel Protesters and the People Who Support Them – yet Our Leaders Still Don’t Get It,” Opinion, The Guardian, April 14, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2026/apr/14/dublin-ireland-leaders-fuel-bills-iran-war-fossil-fuels. ↩︎
14. The carbon tax is essentially a “polluters pays” tax we add to fuel to take into account the massive negative environmental consequences it has in the form of climate change and air pollution. ↩︎
15. There are also severe ecological issues associated with EVs. The mining with is required to manufacture the batteries and the complex technologies involved in clean energy results in widespread pollution and is also linked with accusations of forced labour and other human rights issues. Robin Whitlock, “Infyos Finds 75 per Cent of the Worlds Battery Supply Chain at Risk of Violating US and EU Laws on Forced Labour,” September 16, 2024, https://web.archive.org/web/20240916095556/https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/storage/infyos-finds-75-per-cent-of-the-20240916.. The additional weight of the battery in EVs can also add to the danger they pose in collisions. ↩︎
16. “Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015).”, §9 ↩︎
17. “Laudato Si’ (24 May 2015).”, §114 ↩︎
18. Jack McCarron, As Road Deaths Rise, the True Scale of Injuries Remains Unclear, News, April 14, 2026, https://www.rte.ie/news/primetime/2026/0414/1568053-as-road-deaths-rise-the-true-cost-of-crashes-remains-unclear/ ↩︎
19. Brian Donlon et al., Ireland’s State of the Environment Report 2024 (Environmental Protection Agency, 2024) ↩︎
20. Editor, Ireland Set to Exceed Carbon Budget Allocations for Transport,
    Electricity – Sustainability Online, October 20, 2025, https://sustainabilityonline.net/news/ireland-set-to-exceed-carbon-budget-allocations-for-transport-electricity/. ↩︎
21. Petra Stock, “Pollution from Trucks and Buses Costs Australians $6.2bn in Health Effects Each Year, Study Finds,” Environment, The Guardian, February 22, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/feb/22/air-pollution-emissions-trucks-buses-australia-health-effects. Study Finds,\uc0\u8221{} Environment, {\i{}The Guardian}, February
    22, 2026, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2026/feb/22/air-pollution-emissions-trucks-buses-australia-health-effects. ↩︎
22. Maarten J. van Strien and Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, “Global Expansion of the Ecological Impact of Extra-Urban Road Traffic,” Nature Sustainability 8, no. 11 (2025): 1294–303, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-025-01637-2. ↩︎
23. This would include building active transport infrastructure, sometimes taking space from car infrastructure. This also means reconsidering proposed roads (e.g. the Galway ring road) which will do nothing to ease congestion but will only add congestion and soak up money making it unavailable for alternative sustainable transport projects. Cian Ginty, “Galway Ring Road Planning Inspector’s Report Has Little Grasp on Reality,” IrishCycle.Com, April 9, 2026, https://irishcycle.com/2026/04/09/galway-ring-road-planning-inspectors-report-has-little-grasp-on-reality/. ↩︎
24. Conor Lally, “Boy (3) Dies after Being Struck by Vehicle in Car Park of Dublin Shopping Centre,” The Irish Times, March 11, 2026, https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/dublin/2026/03/11/boy-3-dies-after-being-struck-by-vehicle-in-car-park-of-dublin-shopping-centre/. ↩︎
25. Eoin Glackin, “Across the City, Parents Snatch Their Kids out of the Way of Red-Light-Breaking Drivers,” Dublin InQuirer, March 27, 2026, https://www.dublininquirer.com/across-the-city-parents-snatch-their-kids-out-of-the-way-of-red-light-breaking-drivers/. ↩︎
26. Green space in urban areas is vitally important for recreations and wellness but is also incredibly important for climate adaption. Having unpaved areas which are planted allows rain water to drain naturally into the soil and reduces pressure on the engineered drainage system. ↩︎
27. Noise pollution can lead to multiple different health impacts including heart disease and psychophysiological effects. Environmental Protection Agency, “Noise and Your Health,” accessed April 17, 2026, https://www.epa.ie/environment-and-you/noise/noise-and-your-health/. ↩︎
28. Amanda Merck, “Curbing Traffic: The Human Case for Fewer Cars in Our Lives, by Melissa Bruntlett and Chris Bruntlett: Washington, DC, Island Press, 2021,” Journal of Urban Affairs 45, no. 8 (2023): 1524–26, https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2022.2155440. ↩︎
29. Erika Sassone, “Galway School Project’s Sees Massive 14% Drop in Car Use in One Year,” Galway Beo, November 29, 2021, https://www.galwaybeo.ie/culture/galway-school-projects-sees-massive-6278114. ↩︎
30. Niall Leahy SJ, “Irish Food Is Going Big and Going Bust,” Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice in Ireland, March 27, 2026, https://www.jcfj.ie/2026/03/27/irish-food-is-going-big-and-going-bust/. ↩︎
31. Niall Leahy SJ, “Irish Food Is Going Big and Going Bust.” ↩︎
32. “Our Understanding of Agroecology • Agroecology Europe,” Agroecology Europe, n.d., accessed April 16, 2026, https://www.agroecology-europe.org/our-approach/our-understanding-of-agroecology/. ↩︎
33. Alexander Wezel et al., “Agroecological Principles and Elements and Their Implications for Transitioning to Sustainable Food Systems. A Review,” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 40, no. 6 (2020): 40, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00646-z. ↩︎
34. “About,” Talamh Beo, n.d., accessed May 18, 2026, https://talamhbeo.ie/about/. ↩︎
35. Diarmuid Pepper, “Dublin Is the Third Most Congested City and Sixth Slowest City in the World for Traffic,” News, The Journal, The Journal, January 21, 2026,https://www.thejournal.ie/dublin-traffic-congestion-tomtom-research-6933461-Jan2026/. ↩︎